منابع مشابه
Bioluminescent aposematism in millipedes
Figure 1. Millipede luminescence and predation. (A) Motyxia sequoiae photographed in natural light, and (B) entirely with light from bioluminescence; (C) Mean proportion of millipedes attacked versus luminescence. Number of individuals attacked above bars; (D) Rodent incisor marks in clay millipede; (E) Live millipede (arrow) with anterior segments 1–14 missing after predator attack. Biolumines...
متن کاملAposematism
What is aposematism? The word comes from the Greek apo (away) and sema (sign) and describes a strategy whereby animals warn predators about their unprofitability. It consists of two elements: a primary defence, such as distinctive colours, odours or sounds, that operates before the predator attacks; and a secondary defence, be it chemical, morphological or behavioural that make prey unprofitabl...
متن کاملChemical aposematism Paul
Discussions of aposematism traditionally have focused on the visual displays of prey that denote unpalatability or toxicity to predators. However, the construct of aposematism accommodates a spectrum of unprofitable traits signaled through various sensory modalities, including contact and distance chemoreception. Aposematism, involving learned aversions by signal receivers or selection for thei...
متن کاملAposematism: balancing salience and camouflage.
Aposematic signals are often characterized by high conspicuousness. Larger and brighter signals reinforce avoidance learning, distinguish defended from palatable prey and are more easily memorized by predators. Conspicuous signalling, however, has costs: encounter rates with naive, specialized or nutritionally stressed predators are likely to increase. It has been suggested that intermediate le...
متن کاملThe complex business of survival by aposematism.
The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based upon learning and reinforcement, it is difficult to understand how initially rare conspicuous forms subsequently become common. Here, we discuss several possible resolutions to this apparent paradox. Many of these ide...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Current Biology
سال: 2011
ISSN: 0960-9822
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.012